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Pemkot Kediri bekerjasama dengan Lembaga Perlindungan Anak LPA Tulungagung mengadakan diseminasi penggunaan buku saku panduan pelaporan dan pelapor bagi forum anak kota dan kelurahan. Kegiatan tersebut diikuti sekitar peserta yang terdiri dari anggota forum anak kota dan kelurahan serta pendamping.
Kegiatan ini dilakukan untuk mengimplementasikan peran dari forum anak kelurahan dengan baik dalam upaya pemenuhan hak-hak anak. Dalam kesempatan ini, diberikan kepada Forum Anak di 10 kelurahan. Ke depan program ini diharapkan dapat dilakukan replika ke seluruh kelurahan wilayah Kota Kediri. Selain itu, lanjut dia, mereka dapat melaporkan pelanggaran hak yang terjadi terhadap teman sebayanya melalui di kelurahan atau via daring yang telah disediakan.
Edi Subkhan. WhatsApp Image at Like Dislike. Posting Terkait. RIZKI Daltonitano December 9, DennisFag December 31, DennisFag December 29, DennisFag December 30, DennisFag January 1, DennisFag January 2, DennisFag January 5, Note that due to the nature of devfs 5 , manually created links like these will not persist if you reboot your system. Some of the ports discussed rely on the following kernel options to build correctly.
Before attempting to build, add this option to the kernel configuration file, build a new kernel, and reboot:. To enhance the shared memory X11 interface, it is recommended that the values of some sysctl 8 variables should be increased:. There are several possible ways to display video under X What will really work is largely hardware dependent.
Each method described below will have varying quality across different hardware. Secondly, the rendering of video in X11 is a topic receiving a lot of attention lately, and with each version of Xorg , or of XFree86 TM , there may be significant improvement. Xorg and XFree86 TM 4. X have an extension called XVideo aka Xvideo, aka Xv, aka xv which allows video to be directly displayed in drawable objects through a special acceleration. This extension provides very good quality playback even on low-end machines.
If XVideo is not supported for your card, this only means that it will be more difficult for your display to meet the computational demands of rendering video. Depending on your video card and processor, though, you might still be able to have a satisfying experience. You should probably read about ways of improving performance in the advanced reading Sekcja 7.
The SDL layer provides a low-level abstraction to the hardware which can sometimes be more efficient than the X11 interface. Direct Graphics Access is an X11 extension which allows a program to bypass the X server and directly alter the framebuffer. Because it relies on a low level memory mapping to effect this sharing, programs using it must be run as root. The DGA extension can be tested and benchmarked by dga 1.
When dga is running, it changes the colors of the display whenever a key is pressed. To quit, use q. Video playback is a very active area of software development, and the capabilities of various applications are bound to diverge somewhat from the descriptions given here. Firstly, it is important to know that many of the video applications which run on FreeBSD were developed as Linux applications.
Many of these applications are still beta-quality. Some of the problems that you may encounter with video packages on FreeBSD include:. The same application on two different machines, rebuilt on each machine for that machine, plays back the same file differently.
A seemingly trivial filter like rescaling of the image size results in very bad artifacts from a buggy rescaling routine. Documentation is not installed with the port and can be found either on the web or under the port's work directory. Many of these applications may also exhibit " Linux-isms ". That is, there may be issues resulting from the way some standard libraries are implemented in the Linux distributions, or some features of the Linux kernel which have been assumed by the authors of the applications.
These issues are not always noticed and worked around by the port maintainers, which can lead to problems like these:. A misuse of threads which causes a program to hang upon completion instead of truly terminating.
So far, these application developers have been cooperative with port maintainers to minimize the work-arounds needed for port-ing. MPlayer is a recently developed and rapidly developing video player. The goals of the MPlayer team are speed and flexibility on Linux and other Unices.
The project was started when the team founder got fed up with bad playback performance on then available players. Some would say that the graphical interface has been sacrificed for a streamlined design.
However, once you get used to the command line options and the key-stroke controls, it works very well. MPlayer performs a variety of hardware checks during the build process, resulting in a binary which will not be portable from one system to another.
Therefore, it is important to build it from ports and not to use a binary package. Additionally, a number of options can be specified in the make command line, as described in the Makefile and at the start of the build:.
The default port options should be sufficient for most users. As of this writing, the MPlayer port will build its HTML documentation and two executables, mplayer , and mencoder , which is a tool for re-encoding video. If the reader finds the information on video hardware and interfaces in this chapter lacking, the MPlayer documentation is a very thorough supplement. You should definitely take the time to read the MPlayer documentation if you are looking for information about video support in UNIX R.
Any user of MPlayer must set up a. To create this necessary subdirectory, you can type the following:. The command options for mplayer are listed in the manual page. For even more detail there is HTML documentation. In this section, we will describe only a few common uses. To play a file, such as testfile. It is worth trying all of these options, as their relative performance depends on many factors and will vary significantly with hardware. To play from a DVD, replace the testfile. More details can be found in the port Makefile.
To stop, pause, advance and so on, consult the keybindings, which are output by running mplayer -h or read the manual page. Additional important options for playback are: -fs -zoom which engages the fullscreen mode and -framedrop which helps performance.
In order for the mplayer command line to not become too large, the user can create a file. Finally, mplayer can be used to rip a DVD title into a. To dump out the second title from a DVD, type this:. The output file, out. Before using mencoder it is a good idea to familiarize yourself with the options from the HTML documentation. There is a manual page, but it is not very useful without the HTML documentation. There are innumerable ways to improve quality, lower bitrate, and change formats, and some of these tricks may make the difference between good or bad performance.
Here are a couple of examples to get you going. First a simple copy:. Improper combinations of command line options can yield output files that are unplayable even by mplayer. Thus, if you just want to rip to a file, stick to the -dumpfile in mplayer. To convert input. This has produced output playable by mplayer and xine. Since you are likely to be dissatisfied with your results the first time around, it is recommended you dump the title to a file and work on the file.
The xine video player is a project of wide scope aiming not only at being an all in one video solution, but also in producing a reusable base library and a modular executable which can be extended with plugins.
The xine player is still very rough around the edges, but it is clearly off to a good start. In practice, xine requires either a fast CPU with a fast video card, or support for the XVideo extension.
The GUI is usable, but a bit clumsy. There are third party builds which do have modules for this built in them, but none of these are in the FreeBSD Ports Collection. Compared to MPlayer , xine does more for the user, but at the same time, takes some of the more fine-grained control away from the user. The xine video player performs best on XVideo interfaces. By default, xine player will start up in a graphical user interface. The menus can then be used to open a specific file:.
Alternatively, it may be invoked to play a file immediately without the GUI with the command:. The software transcode is not a player, but a suite of tools for re-encoding video and audio files. There is a manual page for transcode , but you should also consult the transcode wiki for further information and examples.
The various video software packages for FreeBSD are developing rapidly. It is quite possible that in the near future many of the problems discussed here will have been resolved. This section exists to give the reader pointers to such additional information. The MPlayer documentation is very technically informative.
These documents should probably be consulted by anyone wishing to obtain a high level of expertise with UNIX R video. The MPlayer mailing list is hostile to anyone who has not bothered to read the documentation, so if you plan on making bug reports to them, RTFM. TV cards allow you to watch broadcast or cable TV on your computer.
You must also ensure the board comes with a supported tuner, consult the bktr 4 manual page for a list of supported tuners. Alternatively, you may statically compile the support for the TV card in your kernel, in that case add the following lines to your kernel configuration:.
These additional device drivers are necessary because of the card components being interconnected via an I2C bus. Then build and install a new kernel. Once the support was added to your system, you have to reboot your machine. During the boot process, your TV card should show up, like this:. Of course these messages can differ according to your hardware.
However you should check if the tuner is correctly detected; it is still possible to override some of the detected parameters with sysctl 8 MIBs and kernel configuration file options. For example, if you want to force the tuner to a Philips SECAM tuner, you should add the following line to your kernel configuration file:.
If you encounter any problem with your TV card, you should check at first if the video capture chip and the tuner are really supported by the bktr 4 driver and if you used the right configuration options. For more support and various questions about your TV card you may want to contact and use the archives of the freebsd-multimedia mailing list.
FreeBSD, like any modern operating system, allows the use of image scanners. Be sure your scanner is supported by SANE prior to performing any configuration. SANE has a supported devices list that can provide you with information about the support for a scanner and its status.
The uscanner 4 manual page also provides a list of supported USB scanners. According to your scanner interface, different device drivers are required.
Should you decide to use a custom kernel, be sure that the following lines are present in your kernel configuration file:. Depending upon the USB chipset on your motherboard, you will only need either device uhci or device ohci , however having both in the kernel configuration file is harmless. If you do not want to rebuild your kernel and your kernel is not the GENERIC one, you can directly load the uscanner 4 device driver module with the kldload 8 command:. After rebooting with the correct kernel, or after loading the required module, plug in your USB scanner.
The scanner should appear in your system message buffer dmesg 8 as something like:. According to the SCSI chipset used, you will have to tune your kernel configuration file. In addition to the SCSI adapter driver, you need to have the following lines in your kernel configuration file:. Once your kernel has been properly compiled, you should be able to see the devices in your system message buffer, when booting:.
If your scanner was not powered-on at system boot, it is still possible to manually force the detection by performing a SCSI bus scan with the camcontrol 8 command:. More details about SCSI devices, are available in the scsi 4 and camcontrol 8 manual pages.
The backends part provides access to the scanner itself. The SANE 's supported devices list specifies which backend will support your image scanner. It is mandatory to determine the correct backend for your scanner if you want to be able to use your device.
The frontends part provides the graphical scanning interface xscanimage. Then, use the sane-find-scanner command to check the scanner detection by the SANE system:.
The output will show the interface type of the scanner and the device node used to attach the scanner to the system. The vendor and the product model may not appear, it is not important.
Some USB scanners require you to load a firmware, this is explained in the backend manual page. You should also read sane-find-scanner 1 and sane 7 manual pages.
Now we have to check if the scanner will be identified by a scanning frontend. By default, the SANE backends comes with a command line tool called scanimage 1. This command allows you to list the devices and to perform an image acquisition from the command line.
The -L option is used to list the scanner device:. No output or a message saying that no scanners were identified indicates that scanimage 1 is unable to identify the scanner.
If this happens, you will need to edit the backend configuration file and define the scanner device used. This identification problem does appear with certain USB scanners. For example, with the USB scanner used in the Sekcja 7. We can now check if the scanner is correctly identified:.
Be sure to read the help comments in the backends configuration files. Line changes are quite simple: comment out all lines that have the wrong interface for your scanner in our case, we will comment out all lines starting with the word scsi as our scanner uses the USB interface , then add at the end of the file a line specifying the interface and the device node used.
In this case, we add the following line:. Please be sure to read the comments provided in the backend configuration file as well as the backend manual page for more details and correct syntax to use. We can now verify if the scanner is identified:.
Our USB scanner has been identified. It is not important if the brand and the model do not match. Once the scanimage -L command is able to see the scanner, the configuration is complete. The device is now ready to scan. While scanimage 1 does allow us to perform an image acquisition from the command line, it is preferable to use a graphical user interface to perform image scanning.
This frontend offers advanced features such as various scanning mode photocopy, fax, etc. Both of these applications are useable as a GIMP plugin. All previous operations have been done with root privileges.
You may however, need other users to have access to the scanner. The user will need read and write permissions to the device node used by the scanner. Adding the user joe to the operator group will allow him to use the scanner:. For more details read the pw 8 manual page. More information regarding these lines can be found in the devfs 8 manual page. Of course, for security reasons, you should think twice before adding a user to any group, especially the operator group. Ma to wiele zalet:.
Szybszy czas uruchamiania systemu. Jest to architektura komputera. Opcja ta potrzebna jest w systemach FreeBSD 5. X, jak np. StarOffice TM. Kontrolery SCSI. Peryferia SCSI. Wymagane sterowniki scbus i da. Sterowniki ISA Ethernet. Rozszerzenie PAE ang. FreeBSD can be used to print with a wide variety of printers, from the oldest impact printer to the latest laser printers, and everything in between, allowing you to produce high-quality printed output from the applications you run.
FreeBSD will ensure that one job at a time is printed, and can keep statistics on which users and machines are doing the most printing, produce " banner " pages showing who's printout is who's, and more.
How to install print filters, to handle special print jobs differently, including converting incoming documents to print formats that your printers understand.
How to control printer restrictions, including limiting the size of print jobs, and preventing certain users from printing. It is the standard printer control system in FreeBSD. This chapter introduces LPD and will guide you through its configuration. If you are already familiar with LPD or another printer spooling system, you may wish to skip to section Basic Setup. LPD controls everything about a host's printers.
It is responsible for a number of things:. It enables users to submit files to be printed; these submissions are known as jobs. It prevents multiple users from accessing a printer at the same time by maintaining a queue for each printer. It can print header pages also known as banner or burst pages so users can easily find jobs they have printed in a stack of printouts.
It can send jobs over the network to a LPD spooler on another host. It can run special filters to format jobs to be printed for various printer languages or printer capabilities. If you are the sole user of your system, you may be wondering why you should bother with the spooler when you do not need access control, header pages, or printer accounting. While it is possible to enable direct access to a printer, you should use the spooler anyway since:. LPD prints jobs in the background; you do not have to wait for data to be copied to the printer.
You will not have to do these steps manually. Many free and commercial programs that provide a print feature usually expect to talk to the spooler on your system. By setting up the spooling system, you will more easily support other software you may later add or already have. To use printers with the LPD spooling system, you will need to set up both your printer hardware and the LPD software.
This document describes two levels of setup:. See section Simple Printer Setup to learn how to connect a printer, tell LPD how to communicate with it, and print plain text files to the printer.
See section Advanced Printer Setup to learn how to print a variety of special file formats, to print header pages, to print across a network, to control access to printers, and to do printer accounting. This section tells how to configure printer hardware and the LPD software to use the printer.
It teaches the basics:. Section Hardware Setup gives some hints on connecting the printer to a port on your computer. If you are setting up a printer that uses a network protocol to accept data to print instead of a computer's local interfaces, see Printers With Networked Data Stream Interfaces. Although this section is called " Simple Printer Setup " , it is actually fairly complex. Getting the printer to work with your computer and the LPD spooler is the hardest part.
The advanced options like header pages and accounting are fairly easy once you get the printer working. This section tells about the various ways you can connect a printer to your PC. It talks about the kinds of ports and cables, and also the kernel configuration you may need to enable FreeBSD to speak to the printer.
If you have already connected your printer and have successfully printed with it under another operating system, you can probably skip to section Software Setup.
Printers sold for use on PC's today generally come with one or more of the following three interfaces:. Serial interfaces, also known as RS or COM ports, use a serial port on your computer to send data to the printer. Serial interfaces are common in the computer industry and cables are readily available and also easy to construct.
Serial interfaces sometimes need special cables and might require you to configure somewhat complex communications options. Most PC serial ports have a maximum transmission rate of bps, which makes printing large graphic print jobs with them impractical. Parallel interfaces use a parallel port on your computer to send data to the printer.
Parallel interfaces are common in the PC market and are faster than RS serial. Cables are readily available but more difficult to construct by hand.
There are usually no communications options with parallel interfaces, making their configuration exceedingly simple. Parallel interfaces are sometimes known as " Centronics " interfaces, named after the connector type on the printer.
Cables are simple and cheap. A way to avoid this problem is to purchase a printer that has both a USB interface and a Parallel interface, as many printers do. In general, Parallel interfaces usually offer just one-way communication computer to printer while serial and USB gives you two-way. Two-way communication to the printer over a parallel port is generally done in one of two ways. The first method uses a custom-built printer driver for FreeBSD that speaks the proprietary language used by the printer.
This is common with inkjet printers and can be used for reporting ink levels and other status information. The second method is used when the printer supports PostScript R. PostScript R jobs are actually programs sent to the printer; they need not produce paper at all and may return results directly to the computer.
PostScript R also uses two-way communication to tell the computer about problems, such as errors in the PostScript R program or paper jams. Your users may be appreciative of such information.
Furthermore, the best way to do effective accounting with a PostScript R printer requires two-way communication: you ask the printer for its page count how many pages it has printed in its lifetime , then send the user's job, then ask again for its page count.
Subtract the two values and you know how much paper to charge to the user. To hook up a printer using a parallel interface, connect the Centronics cable between the printer and the computer. The instructions that came with the printer, the computer, or both should give you complete guidance. Remember which parallel port you used on the computer. The first parallel port is ppc0 to FreeBSD; the second is ppc1 , and so on.
To hook up a printer using a serial interface, connect the proper serial cable between the printer and the computer. If you are unsure what the " proper serial cable " is, you may wish to try one of the following alternatives:. A modem cable connects each pin of the connector on one end of the cable straight through to its corresponding pin of the connector on the other end.
A null-modem cable connects some pins straight through, swaps others send data to receive data, for example , and shorts some internally in each connector hood. A serial printer cable, required for some unusual printers, is like the null-modem cable, but sends some signals to their counterparts instead of being internally shorted. You should also set up the communications parameters for the printer, usually through front-panel controls or DIP switches on the printer. Choose the highest bps bits per second, sometimes baud rate that both your computer and the printer can support.
Choose 7 or 8 data bits; none, even, or odd parity; and 1 or 2 stop bits. Remember these settings for the software configuration that follows. Configure your kernel, if necessary, for the port you are using for the printer; section Kernel Configuration tells you what you need to do. Set the communications mode for the parallel port, if you are using a parallel port; section Setting the Communication Mode for the Parallel Port gives details.
Test if the operating system can send data to the printer. Section Checking Printer Communications gives some suggestions on how to do this. You will find out how to do this later in this chapter. The operating system kernel is compiled to work with a specific set of devices. The serial or parallel interface for your printer is a part of that set. Therefore, it might be necessary to add support for an additional serial or parallel port if your kernel is not already configured for one.
Where N is the number of the serial port, starting from zero. If you see output similar to the following:. Where N is the number of the parallel port, starting from zero.
You might have to reconfigure your kernel in order for the operating system to recognize and use the parallel or serial port you are using for the printer. To add support for a serial port, see the section on kernel configuration. To add support for a parallel port, see that section and the section that follows. When you are using the parallel interface, you can choose whether FreeBSD should use interrupt-driven or polled communication with the printer.
The generic printer device driver lpt 4 on FreeBSD uses the ppbus 4 system, which controls the port chipset with the ppc 4 driver. With this method, the operating system uses an IRQ line to determine when the printer is ready for data. The polled method directs the operating system to repeatedly ask the printer if it is ready for more data. When it responds ready, the kernel sends more data. The interrupt-driven method is usually somewhat faster but uses up a precious IRQ line.
Some newer HP printers are claimed not to work correctly in interrupt mode, apparently due to some not yet exactly understood timing problem. These printers need polled mode. You should use whichever one works. Some printers will work in both modes, but are painfully slow in interrupt mode. You can set the communications mode in two ways: by configuring the kernel or by using the lptcontrol 8 program. To set the communications mode by configuring the kernel:.
Edit your kernel configuration file. Look for an ppc0 entry. If you are setting up the second parallel port, use ppc1 instead. Use ppc2 for the third port, and so on. The kernel configuration file must also contain the ppc 4 driver:. In some cases, this is not enough to put the port in polled mode under FreeBSD.
Most of time it comes from acpi 4 driver, this latter is able to probe and attach devices, and therefore, control the access mode to the printer port. You should check your acpi 4 configuration to correct this problem. Save the file. Then configure, build, and install the kernel, then reboot. See kernel configuration for more details.
To set the communications mode with lptcontrol 8 :. See lptcontrol 8 for more information. Before proceeding to configure the spooling system, you should make sure the operating system can successfully send data to your printer.
It is a lot easier to debug printer communication and the spooling system separately. To test the printer, we will send some text to it. For printers that can immediately print characters sent to them, the program lptest 1 is perfect: it generates all 96 printable ASCII characters in 96 lines.
For a PostScript R or other language-based printer, we will need a more sophisticated test. A small PostScript R program, such as the following, will suffice:. The above PostScript R code can be placed into a file and used as shown in the examples appearing in the following sections. Although PCL has great functionality, you can intermingle plain text with its escape sequences.
PostScript R cannot directly print plain text, and that is the kind of printer language for which we must make special accommodations. This section tells you how to check if FreeBSD can communicate with a printer connected to a parallel port. Become root with su 1. If the printer can print plain text, then use lptest 1. If the printer understands PostScript R or other printer language, then send a small program to the printer.
Where file is the name of the file containing the program you want to send to the printer. You should see something print. Do not worry if the text does not look right; we will fix such things later. This section tells you how to check if FreeBSD can communicate with a printer on a serial port. Where port is the device entry for the serial port ttyd0 , ttyd1 , etc.
Here is a sample entry for a printer connected via a serial line to the third serial port at bps with no parity:. Connect to the printer with tip 1. Type the program, line by line, very carefully as backspacing or other editing keys may be significant to the printer.
You may also need to type a special end-of-file key for the printer so it knows it received the whole program. Where file is the name of the file containing the program. After tip 1 sends the file, press any required end-of-file key. Do not worry if the text does not look right; we will fix that later. At this point, your printer should be hooked up, your kernel configured to communicate with it if necessary , and you have been able to send some simple data to the printer.
Now, we are ready to configure LPD to control access to your printer. The LPD spooling system reads this file each time the spooler is used, so updates to the file take immediate effect.
The format of the printcap 5 file is straightforward. For complete information about the format, see the cgetent 3. Turn off header pages which are on by default by inserting the sh capability; see the Suppressing Header Pages section for more information.
Make a spooling directory, and specify its location with the sd capability; see the Making the Spooling Directory section for more information. Also, if the printer is on a serial port, set up the communication parameters with the ms capability which is discussed in the Configuring Spooler Communications Parameters section.
Install a plain text input filter; see the Installing the Text Filter section for details. Test the setup by printing something with the lpr 1 command. More details are available in the Trying It Out and Troubleshooting sections.
Language-based printers, such as PostScript R printers, cannot directly print plain text. The simple setup outlined above and described in the following sections assumes that if you are installing such a printer you will print only files that the printer can understand. Users often expect that they can print plain text to any of the printers installed on your system. Programs that interface to LPD to do their printing usually make the same assumption. If you are installing such a printer and want to be able to print jobs in the printer language and print plain text jobs, you are strongly urged to add an additional step to the simple setup outlined above: install an automatic plain-text-to- PostScript R or other printer language conversion program.
The first easy step is to pick a name for your printer. It really does not matter whether you choose functional or whimsical names since you can also provide a number of aliases for the printer. This is the default printer's name. Also, it is common practice to make the last alias for a printer be a full description of the printer, including make and model.
The name of the printer should start in the leftmost column. Separate each alias with a vertical bar and put a colon after the last alias. In this example, the first printer is named rattan and has as aliases line , diablo , lp , and Diablo Line Printer. Since it has the alias lp , it is also the default printer. The LPD spooling system will by default print a header page for each job. The header page contains the user name who requested the job, the host from which the job came, and the name of the job, in nice large letters.
Unfortunately, all this extra text gets in the way of debugging the simple printer setup, so we will suppress header pages. Note how we used the correct format: the first line starts in the leftmost column, and subsequent lines are indented.
Every line in an entry except the last ends in a backslash character. The next step in the simple spooler setup is to make a spooling directory , a directory where print jobs reside until they are printed, and where a number of other spooler support files live. It is not necessary to backup the contents of spooling directories, either. Recreating them is as simple as running mkdir 1.
It is also customary to make the directory with a name that is identical to the name of the printer, as shown below:. However, if you have a lot of printers on your network, you might want to put the spooling directories under a single directory that you reserve just for printing with LPD. We will do this for our two example printers rattan and bamboo :. If you are concerned about the privacy of jobs that users print, you might want to protect the spooling directory so it is not publicly accessible.
Spooling directories should be owned and be readable, writable, and searchable by user daemon and group daemon, and no one else. We will do this for our example printers:. You specify the pathname of the spooling directory with the sd capability:. Note that the name of the printer starts in the first column but all other entries describing the printer should be indented and each line end escaped with a backslash. Now, we tell LPD that information. When the spooling system has a job to print, it will open the specified device on behalf of the filter program which is responsible for passing data to the printer.
If the printer you are installing is connected to a parallel port, skip to the section entitled, Installing the Text Filter. Otherwise, be sure to follow the instructions in the next section.
For printers on serial ports, LPD can set up the bps rate, parity, and other serial communication parameters on behalf of the filter program that sends data to the printer. This is advantageous since:. It enables the spooling system to use the same filter program for multiple printers which may have different serial communication settings. Sets the communications speed of the device to bps-rate , where bps-rate can be 50, 75, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , or bits-per-second.
Sets the options for the terminal device after opening the device. When LPD opens the device specified by the lp capability, it sets the characteristics of the device to those specified with the ms capability.
Of particular interest will be the parenb , parodd , cs5 , cs6 , cs7 , cs8 , cstopb , crtscts , and ixon modes, which are explained in the stty 1 manual page.
Let us add to our example printer on the sixth serial port. We will set the bps rate to For the mode, we will set no parity with -parenb , 8-bit characters with cs8 , no modem control with clocal and hardware flow control with crtscts :. We are now ready to tell LPD what text filter to use to send jobs to the printer. A text filter , also known as an input filter , is a program that LPD runs when it has a job to print.
When LPD runs the text filter for a printer, it sets the filter's standard input to the job to print, and its standard output to the printer device specified with the lp capability. The filter is expected to read the job from standard input, perform any necessary translation for the printer, and write the results to standard output, which will get printed.
For more information on the text filter, see the Filters section. FreeBSD comes with another filter called lpf that handles backspacing and underlining for printers that might not deal with such character streams well. And, of course, you can use any other filter program you want. The filter lpf is described in detail in section entitled lpf: a Text Filter. Put the following text into that file with your favorite text editor:.
This variable defaults to NO. If you have not done so already, add the line:. You have reached the end of the simple LPD setup. Unfortunately, congratulations are not quite yet in order, since we still have to test the setup and correct any problems.
To test the setup, try printing something. To print with the LPD system, you use the command lpr 1 , which submits a job for printing. You can combine lpr 1 with the lptest 1 program, introduced in section Checking Printer Communications to generate some test text. To test the simple LPD setup:. To test the default printer, type lpr 1 without any -P argument.
Again, if you are testing a printer that expects PostScript R , send a PostScript R program in that language instead of using lptest 1. You can do so by putting the program in a file and typing lpr file. For a PostScript R printer, you should get the results of the program. If you are using lptest 1 , then your results should look like the following:. To further test the printer, try downloading larger programs for language-based printers or running lptest 1 with different arguments.
For example, lptest 80 60 will produce 60 lines of 80 characters each. If the printer did not work, see the Troubleshooting section. This section describes filters for printing specially formatted files, header pages, printing across networks, and restricting and accounting for printer usage.
Although LPD handles network protocols, queuing, access control, and other aspects of printing, most of the real work happens in the filters. Filters are programs that communicate with the printer and handle its device dependencies and special requirements.
In the simple printer setup, we installed a plain text filter-an extremely simple one that should work with most printers section Installing the Text Filter. However, in order to take advantage of format conversion, printer accounting, specific printer quirks, and so on, you should understand how filters work. It will ultimately be the filter's responsibility to handle these aspects.
And the bad news is that most of the time you have to provide filters yourself. The good news is that many are generally available; when they are not, they are usually easy to write. It handles backspacing and tabs in the file, and does accounting, but that is about all it does.
Section How Filters Work , tries to give an overview of a filter's role in the printing process. You should read this section to get an understanding of what is happening " under the hood " when LPD uses filters. This knowledge could help you anticipate and debug problems you might encounter as you install more and more filters on each of your printers. LPD expects every printer to be able to print plain text by default. This presents a problem for PostScript R or other language-based printers which cannot directly print plain text.
You should read this section if you have a PostScript R printer. PostScript R is a popular output format for many programs. Some people even write PostScript R code directly. Unfortunately, PostScript R printers are expensive.
You should read this section if you do not have a PostScript R printer. Section Conversion Filters tells about a way you can automate the conversion of specific file formats, such as graphic or typesetting data, into formats your printer can understand.
After reading this section, you should be able to set up your printers such that users can type lpr -t to print troff data, or lpr -d to print TeX DVI data, or lpr -v to print raster image data, and so forth. I recommend reading this section. Unless you are printing header pages see Header Pages , you can probably skip that section altogether. Section lpf: a Text Filter describes lpf , a fairly complete if simple text filter for line printers and laser printers that act like line printers that comes with FreeBSD.
If you need a quick way to get printer accounting working for plain text, or if you have a printer which emits smoke when it sees backspace characters, you should definitely consider lpf. As mentioned before, a filter is an executable program started by LPD to handle the device-dependent part of communicating with the printer. When LPD wants to print a file in a job, it starts a filter program. For example, if the user typed lpr -t , LPD would start the troff filter, listed in the tf capability for the destination printer.
If the user wanted to print plain text, it would start the if filter this is mostly true: see Output Filters for details. The text filter , confusingly called the input filter in LPD documentation, handles regular text printing. Think of it as the default filter. LPD expects every printer to be able to print plain text by default, and it is the text filter's job to make sure backspaces, tabs, or other special characters do not confuse the printer.
If you are in an environment where you have to account for printer usage, the text filter must also account for pages printed, usually by counting the number of lines printed and comparing that to the number of lines per page the printer supports. The text filter is started with the following argument list:. A conversion filter converts a specific file format into one the printer can render onto paper.
For example, ditroff typesetting data cannot be directly printed, but you can install a conversion filter for ditroff files to convert the ditroff data into a form the printer can digest and print. Section Conversion Filters tells all about them. Conversion filters also need to do accounting, if you need printer accounting. Conversion filters are started with the following arguments:. The output filter is used only if there is no text filter, or if header pages are enabled.
In my experience, output filters are rarely used. Section Output Filters describe them. There are only two arguments to an output filter:.
Filters should also exit with the following exit status:. If the filter failed to print the file but wants LPD to try to print the file again. LPD will restart a filter if it exits with this status.
If the filter failed to print the file and does not want LPD to try again. LPD will throw out the file. It uses the login, host, and accounting file arguments to make the accounting entries.
If you are shopping for filters, see if they are LPD-compatible. If they are, they must support the argument lists described above. If you plan on writing filters for general use, then have them support the same argument lists and exit codes. If you are the only user of your computer and PostScript R or other language-based printer, and you promise to never send plain text to your printer and to never use features of various programs that will want to send plain text to your printer, then you do not need to worry about this section at all.
But, if you would like to send both PostScript R and plain text jobs to the printer, then you are urged to augment your printer setup. To do so, we have the text filter detect if the arriving job is plain text or PostScript R. If those are the first two characters in the job, we have PostScript R , and can pass the rest of the job directly.
If those are not the first two characters in the file, then the filter will convert the text into PostScript R and print the result. If you have got a serial printer, a great way to do it is to install lprps. It updates the printer's status file with verbose information from the printer, so users and administrators can see exactly what the state of the printer is such as toner low or paper jam.
But more importantly, it includes a program called psif which detects whether the incoming job is plain text and calls textps another program that comes with lprps to convert it to PostScript R. It then uses lprps to send the job to the printer. You can fetch, build and install it yourself, of course.
After installing lprps , just specify the pathname to the psif program that is part of lprps. You should also specify the rw capability; that tells LPD to open the printer in read-write mode. If you have a parallel PostScript R printer and therefore cannot use two-way communication with the printer, which lprps needs , you can use the following shell script as the text filter:. In the above script, textps is a program we installed separately to convert plain text to PostScript R.
You can use any text-to- PostScript R program you wish. PostScript R is the de facto standard for high quality typesetting and printing. PostScript R is, however, an expensive standard. Ghostscript can read most PostScript R files and can render their pages onto a variety of devices, including many brands of non-PostScript printers. By installing Ghostscript and using a special text filter for your printer, you can make your non PostScript R printer act like a real PostScript R printer.
You can fetch, build, and install it quite easily yourself, as well. If it is not, then the filter will pass the file directly to the printer; otherwise, it will use Ghostscript to first convert the file into a format the printer will understand. Here is an example: the following script is a text filter for Hewlett Packard DeskJet printers.
Type gs -h to get a list of devices the current installation of Ghostscript supports. Finally, you need to notify LPD of the filter via the if capability:. That is it. You can type lpr plain. After completing the simple setup described in Simple Printer Setup , the first thing you will probably want to do is install conversion filters for your favorite file formats besides plain ASCII text. Conversion filters make printing various kinds of files easy. As an example, suppose we do a lot of work with the TeX typesetting system, and we have a PostScript R printer.
The command sequence goes like this:. By installing a conversion filter for DVI files, we can skip the hand conversion step each time by having LPD do it for us. Now, each time we get a DVI file, we are just one step away from printing it:. Section Formatting and Conversion Options lists the conversion options. A conversion filter is like the text filter for the simple printer setup see section Installing the Text Filter except that instead of printing plain text, the filter converts the file into a format the printer can understand.
You should install the conversion filters you expect to use. If you have got plenty of troff to print out, then you probably want a troff filter. At your site, you can give new meanings to these or any of the formatting options just by installing custom filters. For example, suppose you would like to directly print Printerleaf files files from the Interleaf desktop publishing program , but will never print plot files.
You could install a Printerleaf conversion filter under the gf capability and then educate your users that lpr -g mean " print Printerleaf files. In our example, we will add the DVI conversion filter to the entry for the printer named bamboo. Here is that script:. This script runs dvips in filter mode the -f argument on standard input, which is the job to print. Since there is no fixed set of steps to install conversion filters, let me instead provide more examples.
Use these as guidance to making your own filters. Use them directly, if appropriate. The following script is a conversion filter for troff data from the groff typesetting system for the PostScript R printer named bamboo :. The above script makes use of lprps again to handle the communication with the printer.
If the printer were on a parallel port, we would use this script instead:. We will install it for the printer teak :. Here is one final, somewhat complex example. Now, for the hard part: making the filter. It wants to work with a filename. What is worse, the filename has to end in. We can get around that problem by linking symbolically a temporary file name one that ends in. Symbolic links are owned by user and group bin. The filter runs as user daemon. The filter can create the link, but it will not be able clean up when done and remove it since the link will belong to a different user.
All these conversion filters accomplish a lot for your printing environment, but at the cost forcing the user to specify on the lpr 1 command line which one to use. If your users are not particularly computer literate, having to specify a filter option will become annoying. What is worse, though, is that an incorrectly specified filter option may run a filter on the wrong type of file and cause your printer to spew out hundreds of sheets of paper.
Rather than install conversion filters at all, you might want to try having the text filter since it is the default filter detect the type of file it has been asked to print and then automatically run the right conversion filter. Tools such as file can be of help here.
Of course, it will be hard to determine the differences between some file types-and, of course, you can still provide conversion filters just for them.
The LPD spooling system supports one other type of filter that we have not yet explored: an output filter. An output filter is intended for printing plain text only, like the text filter, but with many simplifications. If you are using an output filter but no text filter, then:.
LPD starts an output filter once for the entire job instead of once for each file in the job. LPD does not make any provision to identify the start or the end of files within the job for the output filter. LPD does not pass the user's login or host to the filter, so it is not intended to do accounting. In fact, it gets only two arguments:. Where width is from the pw capability and length is from the pl capability for the printer in question.
Do not be seduced by an output filter's simplicity. If you would like each file in a job to start on a different page an output filter will not work. Use a text filter also known as an input filter ; see section Installing the Text Filter.
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